LabsLand হল অনলাইন উপলভ্য বাস্তব পরীক্ষাগারগুলির একটি বিশ্বব্যাপী নেটওয়ার্ক। শিক্ষার্থীরা (স্কুল, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় এবং আজীবন শেখার প্ল্যাটফর্মগুলিতে) তাদের ল্যাপটপ, ট্যাবলেট বা ফোন ব্যবহার করে ইন্টারনেটের মাধ্যমে প্রকৃত পরীক্ষাগারগুলিতে অ্যাক্সেস করতে পারে।

গবেষণাগারগুলি রিয়েল-টাইম (Arduino, FPGA...) হয় যা সারা বিশ্বের বিভিন্ন একাধিক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে অবস্থিত। নির্দিষ্ট ক্ষেত্রে (ফজিক্স, জীববিজ্ঞান, রসায়ন) ল্যাবগুলি হল LabsLand আল্ট্রাকন্ট্রেন্ট ল্যাব, তাই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়টি ল্যাবরেটরিতে যা করা যায় তার সম্ভাব্য সমস্ত সংমিশ্রণ (কিছু ক্ষেত্রে, কয়েক হাজার) রেকর্ড করেছে এবং এটি ইন্টারেক্টিভ উপায়ে উপলব্ধ করে।

প্রতিটি ক্ষেত্রে, পরীক্ষাগারটি সর্বদা বাস্তব (নকল করা নয়) এবং ওয়েবের মাধ্যমে উপলব্ধ (আপনার কোনও হার্ডওয়্যার পাওয়ার, শিপিংয়ের সাথে মোকাবিলা করার প্রয়োজন নেই ইত্যাদি)।

নিম্নলিখিত ভিডিওতে দেখুন কিভাবে একটি সাধারণ ব্যবহারকারীর সেশন কাজ করেঃ

In the 3D Printer Laboratory you will be able to choose among several different 3D printing settings, such as temperature and orientation, and observe the printing process and the results from different angles. You will be able to control the playback speed so as to be able to experiment faster than you would hands-on, and you can download the Ultimaker Cura project file to experiment further.

Study how alternating current (AC ) works by experimenting with several bulbs connected in series and / or parallel. Opening or closing the switches you want, you can see the effect on the intensity of light of each of the bulbs of the created circuit.

Summary

Perform an acid-base titration to determine the concentration of an unknown acetic acid solution using a sodium hydroxide titrant. This laboratory emphasizes visual measurements dealing with the meniscus of the burette, and supports two different configurations. 

The first one is for a potentiometric approach: you will have access to a digital pH sensor and you can use it to determine when the unknown solution has been neutralized. 

The second one is for a colorimetric approach: you can rely on the color change due to the presence of a phenolphthalein indicator, without having a digital pH sensor available.

 

Acid-base Titration

Titrations are a volumetric method that is based on measuring the amount of a known-concentration reactive (known as a primary standard) that is consumed by an unknown-concentration sample known as analyte.

The titration is conducted by adding the titrant to the analyte using a burette, so as to obtain a chemically-equivalent substance between the titrant and the analyte. This is known as the "equivalence point" and it is a theoretical value that cannot be experimentally determined.

The experimental estimation of this point is obtained through an approximation known as "final point". This is determined through a physical change. In that case, the change in color of the solution is achieved after adding an indicator substance: a substance that changes color in certain ranges of pH.

For the acid-base titration we use a phenolphthalein indicator that becomes a light pink after a pH of around 8.4, which is a value that is very close to the equivalence point in the most common acid-base titrations.

Alternatively, in the potentiometric configuration, a digital pH sensor can be used to determine the “equivalence point”.

 

Colorimetric vs Potentiometric approach

The colorimetric approach relies on the color change provided by the phenolphthalein indicator. The potentiometric approach relies instead on the pH raise as measured by the digital sensor. In this version of the laboratory there are two different configurations available, one for each approach. In the colorimetric configuration students may not see the digital pH sensor.

 

Differences with the Acid-Base Titration II laboratory

In this version of the laboratory (Acid-Base Titration II) you can perform the acid-base titration for an unknown acetic acid solution. In the other version of the laboratory (see Acid-Base Titration I) you can perform the acid-base titration for a citric acid solution instead.

This version of the laboratory emphasizes visual burette measurements, including properly reading the meniscus in the burette. The other version of the laboratory (see Acid-Base Titration I) does not emphasize this, and focuses on the calculations instead.

Also, in this version you can choose between two different configurations: one for the potentiometric approach and one for the colorimetric approach. The configuration for the colorimetric approach does not show the pH sensor. In the other version of the laboratory (see Acid-Base Titration I) there is a single configuration and the sensor is always shown.

Summary

Perform an acid-base titration to determine the concentration of an unknown citric acid solution using a sodium hydroxide titrant. A digital pH sensor is always available and a phenolphthalein indicator has been applied to the unknown solution so that both a potentiometric and colorimetric approach can be used. A real-time plot is also available.

 

Acid-Base Titration

Titrations are a volumetric method that is based on measuring the amount of a known-concentration reactive (known as a primary standard) that is consumed by an unknown-concentration sample known as analyte.

The titration is conducted by adding the titrant to the analyte using a burette, so as to obtain a chemically-equivalent substance between the titrant and the analyte. This is known as the "equivalence point" and it is a theoretical value that cannot be experimentally determined.

The experimental estimation of this point is obtained through an approximation known as "final point". This is determined through a physical change. In that case, the change in color of the solution is achieved after adding an indicator substance: a substance that changes color in certain ranges of pH.

For the acid-base titration we use a phenolphthalein indicator that becomes a light pink after a pH of around 8.4, which is a value that is very close to the equivalence point in the most common acid-base titrations.

 

Colorimetric vs Potentiometric approaches

The colorimetric approach relies on the color change provided by the phenolphthalein indicator. The potentiometric approach relies instead on the pH raise as measured by the digital sensor. In this version of the acid-base titration laboratory both approaches can be used. The digital sensor is always available and cannot be hidden.

 

Differences with the Acid-Base Titration II laboratory

In this version of the laboratory (Acid-Base Titration I) you can perform the acid-base titration for an unknown citric acid solution. In the other version of the laboratory (see Acid-Base Titration II) you can perform the acid-base titration for an acetic acid solution instead. 

This version of the laboratory emphasizes the calculations but does not have visual burette measurements among its learning objectives. The other version of the laboratory (see Acid-Base Titration II) emphasizes visual measurements, and students must learn to read the meniscus of the burette properly.

Also, in this version there is a single experience that can be used for both the colorimetric and potentiometric approaches. In the other version of the laboratory (see Acid-Base Titration II) there are two different configurations available, in one of which the digital sensor is hidden so that students may only rely on the color change.

Experiment with buoyancy, the Principle of Archimedes, and similar physical laws. Take related measurements, conduct experiments, and start doing relatively advanced calculations to draw conclusions.

The experiments from the Advanced version of the Buoyancy laboratory will normally display more data (such as data from liquid level sensors and object weight sensors) and the proposed activities will involve numerical calculations of varying difficulty.

Experiment with Archimedes' principle: raise and lower balls of different materials, sizes, and weights in a liquid and observe what happens. Do they sink or float? Why? Can you determine their weight, the volume of displaced liquid, or the buoyant force? Try to answer these questions by observing the experiment and using the values provided by the sensors.

Summary

The Boyle's Law laboratory allows students to determine the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at ambient and constant temperature. Students can choose from two different volume syringes and measure the pressure of the gas as they reduce the volume. The experiment is reflected in a graphical analysis in the form of an isotherm. In this way, they can verify Boyle's Law and learn about the behavior of gases in a practical and accessible manner.

 

Boyle's Law

Boyle's Law states that at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. This means that when the pressure of a gas increases, its volume decreases, and vice versa. Boyle's Law can be mathematically expressed as:

V ∝ 1/P

Where V is the volume of the gas and P is the pressure of the gas.

The Boyle's Law laboratory allows students to put this law into practice and verify it in an experimental context. By measuring the volume and pressure of the gas at different times, they can plot an isotherm graph that shows how the volume of the gas changes based on its pressure. If the isotherm graph fits Boyle's Law, then the students have experimentally verified the law.

Performing experiments like this is an excellent way to learn about the behavior of gases and how different variables are related. In addition, hands-on experiments can be more accessible and memorable for students than simply reading about the law in a textbook. The isotherm graph clearly visualizes the behavior of the gas and verifies if the predictions of Boyle's Law are met.

 

Application in Secondary and University Education

The Boyle's Law laboratory is typically applied in science courses at the high school level and in chemistry courses at the university level. At the high school level, the laboratory can be applied in a science course where the basic concepts of chemistry and physics, such as the pressure and volume of gases, are studied. At the university, the Boyle's Law laboratory can be applied in a more advanced chemistry course where the study of gases and their behavior is delved into.

 

Objectives

A Boyle's Law laboratory can have different educational objectives depending on the educational level at which it is applied. Here are some examples of objectives that a Boyle's Law laboratory can have at both high school and university levels:

At the high school level:

• Students understand Boyle's Law and its importance in gas physics.
• Students practice experimental and observational skills.
• Students develop data analysis and representation skills.
• Students understand the relationship between temperature, pressure, and volume of gases.

At the university level:

• Students know Boyle's Law and its importance in gas physics.
• Students demonstrate experimental and observational skills in the laboratory.
• Students apply theoretical concepts of gas physics in practical situations.
• Students develop data analysis and representation skills in a scientific context.
• Students understand how temperature, pressure, and volume of gases relate in different situations.

Summary

This laboratory setup allows students to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide inside a sealed chamber containing seeds of similar size to each other. Students can choose between different experimental conditions: seeds previously soaked in distilled water or in an acetic acid solution at room temperature (24 ± 1)°C, or unsoaked seeds (not activated).

 

Versions of this laboratory

In this version of the laboratory, students, in a manner similar to a traditional hands-on experiment, will need to collect data from the sensor readings and draw their own plots or create their own spreadsheets to analyze and draw conclusions, as it does not include any plots nor allows students to download data.

There is an alternative version of the laboratory (Cellular Respiration with Plot) in which a plot is displayed at the end of each experiment and students can download the data onto a spreadsheet.

 

Carbon dioxide release in plant respiration

Cellular respiration is one of the vital functions carried out by all cells, through which various organic compounds are broken down and the energy needed for other processes is released.

The exchange of gases at a macroscopic level is evidence of the energy transformation processes that occur in cells. In the presence of oxygen, carbon dioxide is released as a byproduct of cellular respiration. This emission of carbon dioxide is essential for understanding the metabolism of living beings and its consequences in ecosystems.

 

Seed Activation

The imbibition or absorption of water by seeds is an essential process for activating their metabolism and for breaking dormancy, thus preparing the seed for germination. This phenomenon occurs by immersing the seeds in water or aqueous solutions for a specified period, such as soaking in distilled water or acetic acid. The duration and conditions of imbibition directly influence the metabolic activation of the seed, which is reflected in the rate of carbon dioxide release during the cellular respiration process. The metabolic rate can vary depending on the species and chosen imbibition conditions.

 

Experiments & Setup

The experimental device is equipped with a gaseous carbon dioxide sensor and a hermetic chamber. Students have the option to select from the three previously detailed seed activation experimental conditions.

In all experiments, seeds of the same species with similar sizes are used, which facilitates the comparison of results.

 

Learning Objectives

• Understand the scientific endeavor through the development of a controlled experiment and the interpretation of data related to biological processes.
• Relate the release of carbon dioxide under different experimental conditions to cellular respiration, differentiating the levels of organization of matter.
• Identify cellular respiration as an essential characteristic of living beings and understand the importance of the energy transformations it entails.

Summary

This laboratory setup allows students to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide inside a sealed chamber containing seeds of similar size to each other. Students can choose between different experimental conditions: seeds previously soaked in distilled water or in an acetic acid solution at room temperature (24 ± 1)°C, or unsoaked seeds (not activated).

 

Versions of this laboratory

This version of the laboratory displays a plot at the end of each experiment and allows students to download the data in a spreadsheet. This allows students to analyze the results without needing to gather and plot the data themselves.

An alternative version of the lab exists (Cellular Respiration) in which the plot and the data are not available. That way, in order to analyse the results and reach proper conclusions, students need to gather and plot the data themselves from the discrete sensor readings, similarly to how they would do so in a traditional hands-on lab.

 

Carbon dioxide release in plant respiration

Cellular respiration is one of the vital functions carried out by all cells, through which various organic compounds are broken down and the energy needed for other processes is released.

The exchange of gases at a macroscopic level is evidence of the energy transformation processes that occur in cells. In the presence of oxygen, carbon dioxide is released as a byproduct of cellular respiration. This emission of carbon dioxide is essential for understanding the metabolism of living beings and its consequences in ecosystems.

 

Seed Activation

The imbibition or absorption of water by seeds is an essential process for activating their metabolism and for breaking dormancy, thus preparing the seed for germination. This phenomenon occurs by immersing the seeds in water or aqueous solutions for a specified period, such as soaking in distilled water or acetic acid. The duration and conditions of imbibition directly influence the metabolic activation of the seed, which is reflected in the rate of carbon dioxide release during the cellular respiration process. The metabolic rate can vary depending on the species and chosen imbibition conditions.

 

Experiments & Setup

The experimental device is equipped with a gaseous carbon dioxide sensor and a hermetic chamber. Students have the option to select from the three previously detailed seed activation experimental conditions.

In all experiments, seeds of the same species with similar sizes are used, which facilitates the comparison of results.

 

Learning Objectives

• Understand the scientific endeavor through the development of a controlled experiment and the interpretation of data related to biological processes.
• Relate the release of carbon dioxide under different experimental conditions to cellular respiration, differentiating the levels of organization of matter.
• Identify cellular respiration as an essential characteristic of living beings and understand the importance of the energy transformations it entails.

Summary

The Digital Trainer laboratory is designed towards students that are starting with digital logic, truth tables and Boole's Algebra.

During the activity, the student sees an Intel FPGA that implements a series of simple truth tables. The student can interact with the FPGA devices to vary the inputs to the system through switches, and observe the outputs through LEDs. The challenge is to determine which logical operator the FPGA implements in each case (e.g. AND, NAND...).

 

Further details

The activity is designed to be relatively simple and straightforward, but at the same time to be engaging for the students. It is designed in a game-like style, and it is based in real hardware (FPGAs). That way, it is not only useful to introduce and obtain familiarity with digital logic, but also it allows students to start seeing the future uses of that knowledge, interacting in a superficial way with FPGA devices, of the same kind that are used in industry.

Interaction with the FPGA devices does not add complexity, since students don't need to program them; they already implement a black box logic (which is precisely the point of the activity).

The laboratory is originally based in an activity that Intel Corporation frequently conducts in its seminars, both hands-on and remote, using their Intel DE1-SoC, Intel DE2-115, or other types of FPGAs.

The acidity of soils can occur due to various processes that promote a pH reduction. These processes occur naturally or by human action. The main sources of soil acidity are associated to hydrogen ions (H+) and aluminum ions (Al+3) in the soil's solution. Exchangeable acidity is determined through the use of neutral salts solutions such as potassium chloride (KCl). The acid ions (aluminum and hydronium) that are held in the colloidal fraction of the soil, that in the presence of a displacing ion (K+), makes those enter the soil solution. Afterward, that solution is titrated with a sodium hydroxide solution of the exact concentration to reach the last point of the neutralization reaction using phenolphthalein as an indicator.

Summary

The remote laboratory offers a convenient way for schools and universities to conduct experiments on gravity and energy conservation. Students can choose from a variety of objects with different masses and release them using an electric switch. A receiving device will measure the time it takes for the object to fall, allowing students to experimentally calculate gravity and conduct other experiments related to free-falling objects. The laboratory offers activities for varying levels, making it suitable for students of all abilities. By using the remote laboratory, students can gain a deeper understanding of these fundamental concepts in physics.

Free-fall

Free-fall is a phenomenon that occurs when an object falls under the influence of gravity alone. This can be observed by dropping an object from a certain height and watching it accelerate towards the ground at a constant rate. In schools and universities, free-fall experiments are commonly used to help students understand and explore the fundamental concepts of gravity and energy conservation. These experiments typically involve releasing an object from a known height and using a receiving device to measure its time of fall, allowing students to calculate the acceleration due to gravity and conduct other experiments related to free-falling objects. By conducting these experiments, students can gain a deeper understanding of the physical principles that govern free-fall and how they apply to real-world situations.

In a free-fall experiment, students can carefully measure the initial height of the falling object and the time it takes to reach the ground, allowing them to calculate the acceleration due to gravity. Students can also experiment with different objects of varying masses to see how the acceleration due to gravity changes based on the mass of the object. In addition to helping students understand the basic principles of gravity and energy conservation, free-fall experiments can also be used to explore more advanced concepts in physics. For example, students can experiment with objects that have different shapes and densities to see how these factors affect the rate of free-fall. They can also use the results of their experiments to make predictions about the motion of objects in real-world situations, such as the motion of a skydiver or a satellite in orbit around the Earth. Overall, free-fall experiments are an engaging and effective way for students to learn about the fundamental principles of physics.

Incorporation in Physics & Physical Science courses

Free fall experiments are typically included in courses at both the university and school level that focus on physics and physical science. At the university level, free fall experiments are often included in introductory physics courses, as well as in more advanced courses that focus on mechanics, gravitation, and other related topics. At the school level, free fall experiments are often included in middle and high school physical science courses, where they can help students develop an understanding of key physical science concepts and principles, such as forces, motion, energy, and momentum. These experiments may also be included in more advanced courses, such as high school physics or college-level physics courses for non-physics majors.

Typical learning objectives

The typical learning objectives of a free-fall laboratory for the school and university level are as follows:

1. Develop an understanding of key physical science concepts and principles, such as forces, motion, energy, and momentum. Free fall is a key concept in the study of motion and the effects of gravity, and is related to these physical science concepts and principles.
2. Apply physical science concepts and principles to real-world situations using laboratory equipment and facilities. The concept of free fall is relevant to a wide range of real-world situations, and can be studied using laboratory equipment and facilities.
3. Gain hands-on experience with conducting experiments and analyzing data, using specialized equipment and facilities. Free-fall experiments can provide students with hands-on experience with conducting experiments and analyzing data.
4. Learn how to design and conduct experiments using laboratory equipment and facilities. Free-fall experiments can help students learn how to design and conduct experiments.
5. Learn how to control variables and collect data, using specialized equipment and facilities. In free-fall experiments, students can learn how to control variables and collect data.
6. Use data collected to draw conclusions and make predictions. Data collected from free-fall experiments can be used to draw conclusions and make predictions about the effects of gravity on the motion of objects.
7. Develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills through the use of laboratory equipment and facilities. Free-fall experiments can help students develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
8. Appreciate the importance of scientific inquiry and the scientific method, and the role of technology in advancing scientific knowledge. Free-fall experiments can help students appreciate the importance of scientific inquiry and the role of technology in advancing scientific knowledge.

Gay-Lussac's law allows us to study the behavior of gases and is often studied in physics and chemistry. It relates the pressure of a gas with its temperature, while other parameters such as volume and amount remain constant.

There are various way to verify Gay-Lussac's law. In this experiment we will verify that, for a given amount of the gas, the pressure is directly proportional to the temperature.

Through this remote laboratory you can experiment with Newton's second law in a system that allows you to observe and analyze the behavior of a ball moving along an inclined plane or in a free fall. The parameters to be analyzed are: time, velocity and acceleration of the ball during the fall. The angle of inclination is configurable by the user, reaching 90º and allowing to experience a scenario of free fall. Check whether the ball rolls while travelling on the inclined plane or it only moves down the plane. Will it depend on the defined inclination? Test it!

Summary

This lab facilitates magnetic field experiments with a steady current in a straight conductor, whose intensity can be adjusted. A movable Hall sensor measures the field's magnitude at various distances. In this version of the lab students manually record the data.

 

Versions of the lab

In this version of the lab, graphs are not included and data download by the student is not permitted. Instead, the student must collect the data from the sensor readings and the distance to the conductor, similar to a traditional practical experiment. This allows them to construct their own graphs and create custom spreadsheets for data analysis and conclusion drawing.

There is an alternative version of the lab (Magnetic Field with Graph) in which a graph is provided at the end of each experiment and students are allowed to download the data onto a spreadsheet. This version may be especially useful for those students who prefer more direct access to the data collected during the experiment.

 

Magnetic Field

Moving charged particles have the ability to create a magnetic field around them, which can interact with other moving charged particles. In this context, a conductor through which an electric current flows generates a magnetic field in its surroundings. This physical phenomenon is fundamental in numerous technological advances that we find in our daily lives, such as electric motors and various electronic devices.

 

Potential Experiments

Numerous experiments can be performed with our lab setup. Users can observe how the strength of the magnetic field varies with the current that generates it. They can explore the fundamental principles of electromagnetic induction, visualizing the link between a changing magnetic field and the induced electric current. By adjusting the probe's distance from the field, they can experimentally verify the inverse square law of magnetism, delving into the intricate relationship between field strength and distance.

 

Learning Objectives

The lab may cover the following learning objectives:

• Understand the concept of a magnetic field and how it can be generated and measured.

• Recognize the relationship between magnetic field strength and the current that generates it.

• Grasp the principle of electromagnetic induction.

• Comprehend and verify the inverse square law for magnetic fields.

• Develop skills in data collection, analysis, and interpretation in a physics context.

• Enhance their understanding of physical principles and their real-world applications.

Summary

This lab facilitates magnetic field experiments with a steady current in a straight conductor, whose intensity can be adjusted. A movable Hall sensor measures the field's magnitude at various distances. In this version of the labs students are shown a plot with the data and may download it for further processing.

 

Versions of the lab

This version of the laboratory displays a plot at the end of each experiment and allows students to download the data in a spreadsheet. This allows students to analyze the results without needing to gather and plot the data themselves.

An alterantive version of the lab exists (Magnetic Field) in which the plot and the data are not available. That way, in order to analyse the results and reach proper conclusions, students need to gather and plot the data themselves from the discrete sensor readings, similarly to how they would do so in a traditional hands-on lab.

 

Magnetic Field

Moving charged particles have the ability to create a magnetic field around them, which can interact with other moving charged particles. In this context, a conductor through which an electric current flows generates a magnetic field in its surroundings. This physical phenomenon is fundamental in numerous technological advances that we find in our daily lives, such as electric motors and various electronic devices.

 

Potential Experiments

Numerous experiments can be performed with our lab setup. Users can observe how the strength of the magnetic field varies with the current that generates it. They can explore the fundamental principles of electromagnetic induction, visualizing the link between a changing magnetic field and the induced electric current. By adjusting the probe's distance from the field, they can experimentally verify the inverse square law of magnetism, delving into the intricate relationship between field strength and distance.

 

Learning Objectives

The lab may cover the following learning objectives:

• Understand some processes of scientific endeavor through the development of a controlled experiment and the collection and interpretation of data associated with a physical phenomenon.

• Recognize electric current as a source of magnetic field.

• Find the relationship between the value of the magnetic field in a given direction and the current intensity through a straight conductor.

• Find the relationship between the value of the magnetic field in a given direction and the distance to the conductor.

Through this remote laboratory you can control the samples under observation of a microscope. The available samples allow to analyze 6 different samples of leaves, comparing their different pigments and colorations

Through this remote lab you can experiment what happens with two rays of light passing through a biconvex, biconcave or convex lens. You can control the lens at any time.

With this experiment, you can control the initial angle of the load, and see the behavior in a real simple pendulum. This experiment will provide you a set of real data that you can use to analyze the behavior of the pendulum depending on the particular millisecond, speed, oscillation length, etc. You can also attach weights to the pendulum.

Planarians are flatworms that can be used to study the effect of different substances on the nervous system. In this remote laboratory, you can choose the solution into which to place the planarian worms. The solutions are aqueous and have different exitatory or inhibitory substances, with different concentrations, dissolved into them.

In this version of the planarians laboratory there is a manual tally counter that students can use to count the number of times the planarians cross a line (to estimate their activity level).

Planarians are flatworms that can be used to study the effect of different substances on the nervous system. In this remote laboratory, you can choose the solution into which to place the planarian worms. The solutions are aqueous and have different exitatory or inhibitory substances, with different concentrations, dissolved into them.

In this version of the planarians laboratory, the number of times the planarian worms cross the lines is counted automatically.

Planarians are flatworms that can be used to study the effect of different substances on the nervous system. In this remote laboratory, you can choose the solution into which to place the planarian worms. The solutions are aqueous and have different exitatory or inhibitory substances, with different concentrations, dissolved into them.

In this version of the laboratory, the names of the substances are not displayed. The challenge can thus be to determine which substance is which, by measuring the activity level of the planarians in each unknown substance.

Summary

The setup, useful for schools and universities, includes a Geiger counter that can measure the number of detected particle collisions. The user can choose among different radioactive sources, as well as an absorber to put between the radioactive source and the probe. Additionally, other parameters that users can vary are the distance and number of tests. This allows for a wide range of experiments and learning opportunities.

 

Radioactivity

Radioactivity is the process in which an atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting particles and radiation. This can occur naturally in certain elements, or artificially through the use of nuclear reactions. In the context of physics at schools and universities, studying radioactivity can provide valuable insights into the fundamental nature of matter and the laws of physics.

One common experiment in this area is the measurement of radioactivity using a Geiger counter. This instrument is able to detect the emission of particles from a radioactive source, allowing students to understand the basic principles of radiation and its effects on matter. By varying the type of radioactive source, the distance between the source and the detector, and the type of absorber material placed between the two, students can explore a wide range of phenomena and gain a deeper understanding of the underlying principles.

In addition to its educational value, studying radioactivity also has practical applications in fields such as medicine, energy production, and environmental protection. As such, it is an important topic for students to learn about, both for its intrinsic interest and for the many real-world applications it has.

 

Real-world applications of radioactivity

One of the most common applications of radioactivity is in the field of medicine. Radioactive isotopes are used in medical imaging techniques such as PET and SPECT scans, which allow doctors to see inside the body and diagnose diseases. Radioactive isotopes are also used in cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy, where they are used to kill cancer cells.

Radioactivity is also used in industries such as oil and gas exploration, where it is used to measure the permeability of rock formations and the flow of fluids through them. Radioactive isotopes are also used in smoke detectors and in the production of luminous watches and instruments.

Overall, radioactivity has a wide range of applications in fields such as medicine, industry, and even everyday consumer products. It continues to be an important area of study in physics and other sciences, and its uses continue to expand as new technologies are developed.

 

Radioactivity experiments at schools and universities

The use of a geiger counter in a radioactivity experiment allows for a wide range of possibilities. By varying the radiation emitters and absorbers, students can observe the effects of different sources and materials on the detected particle collisions. This can help students understand the properties of radioactivity and the behavior of different particles.

Additionally, experiments involving the determination of the type of particle being radiated can be conducted by observing whether the particle is absorbed or not. By placing different absorbers between the source and the probe, students can determine the properties of the emitted particles and gain a deeper understanding of radioactivity.

Lastly, experiments involving the determination of the geometric form of radioactivity emission can also be conducted using a geiger counter. By carefully measuring the detected particle collisions at different distances, students can gain insights into the spatial distribution of radioactivity. This can help students understand the fundamental principles of radioactivity and its applications in the real world.

 

Potential learning objectives

Potential objectives of activities conducted with the laboratory are the following:

1. Understand the properties and behavior of radioactive emissions.
2. Conduct experiments to measure the effects of radiation on various materials.
3. Determine the type of radiation emitted by a radioactive source.
4. Understand the principles of radiation safety and handling.
5. Investigate the applications of radioactivity in fields such as medicine, industry, and research.
6. Understand the principles of Geiger counters and their use in measuring radioactivity.
7. Understand the historical development of the concept of radioactivity and its discovery.
8. Explore the ethical implications of the use of radioactive materials.

The rolling car laboratory lets you study basic kinematics by letting a small car fall down a ramp. This will result in a linear accelerated motion. You can use the built-in timer to measure yourself how much time the car takes to fall. Alternatively, after each experiment is over, the software will tell you the time it took.

Snell's law (the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.

In this laboratory you can experiment with several lenses to find the refractive indices of different materials using this law.

In this version of the laboratory students will have to measure by themselves using the squares grid. The refraction angle is not given to them. An alternative version of the laboratory is available in which a verification stage is available with the resulting refraction angle. See "Snell's Law with verification" for that version.

Snell's law (the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air. In this laboratory you can experiment with several lenses to find the refractive indices of different materials using this law. In this version of the laboratory students will have to measure by themselves using the squares grid. The refraction angle is not given to them. An alternative version of the laboratory is available in which a verification stage is available with the resulting refraction angle. See "Snell's Law with verification" for that version.

Snell's law (the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air. In this laboratory you can experiment with several lenses to find the refractive indices of different materials using this law. In this version of the laboratory there is a verification stage in which students can see the solution with the measurements for a given experimental setup. If students shouldn't be able to see the solution, see the alternative "Snell's Law" version of the laboratory instead (without verification).

Snell's law (the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.

In this laboratory you can experiment with several lenses to find the refractive indices of different materials using this law.

In this version of the laboratory there is a verification stage in which students can see the solution with the measurements for a given experimental setup. If students shouldn't be able to see the solution, see the alternative "Snell's Law" version of the laboratory instead (without verification).

With this device you will obtain real-time values to evaluate the acoustic comfort conditions and the limit values associated to different professional activities.

Access to know in more detail how to use this device professionally!

Acoustic conditions are essential to guarantee the correct conditions of comfort in any built space. In order to measure noise, we will use the PEAKTECH 8500 sound level meter as a measurement tool.

This compact equipment offers a lot of versatility when it comes to taking measurements indoors and outdoors, and to instantly know the sound conditions produced by different sources in a room, space or workplace.

Through the scenarios set out, observe how the acoustic behavior in a space varies depending on the source of noise, the position of the measuring equipment, and the frequencies of each of the sounds obtained.

From these measurements, it is possible to propose improvement measures in the field of an Energy Audit.

This ultraconcurrent laboratory is based in an experimental practice about X-ray spectroscopy using a LEYBOLD-brand device that is installed in a radiological instrumentation laboratory in the National University of Costa Rica (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica), located in the Applied Medical Physics building.

The assembly consists of an X-ray tube with a gold (Au) anode, together with a scintillation detector configured with a preamplifier and a digitizer that allows processing information from the measurements made by the detector through software.

The test aims to characterize the beam of the radiation source through the experimental calculation of the spectrum of the X-ray beam produced in the tube, in addition to generating basic notions about radiological instrumentation and how the variation of its parameters is used in industrial and medical applications.

With this lab, you can control the distance to which to move a spring, and see and measure its behavior once it is released. This experiment will provide you a set of real data that you can use to analyze the behavior of the spring depending on the distance, the time, and other variables.

In this laboratory you will be able to work with a texture analyzer (a texturometer) to determine the rheological characteristics associated to the maturation process of fruits and vegetables. You will be able to use this laboratory instruments to analyse the texture of fresh and processed foods and of industrial products. It allows the measurement of various physical parameters.

The texture profile analysis (TPA) is based on sensorial evaluations to detect and eliminate defects. Furthermore, it is used as a research method and for the learning of science, technology and foods.

A robotic arm of the texture analyzer applies the force necessary for the analysis. The robotic arm is coupled with a puncture or compression probe, depending on the required analysis. A platform holds the sample and supports the interaction of the probe with the selected fruit or vegetable. That way, the analytical signal is obtained. The signal is expressed as a force dependant on the time. That way, it is possible to correlate the graphics with various maturation states, and to conclude about the chemical transformations that affect the fruit or vegetable after the harvest.

This device allows you to conduct real-time measurements from surface temperature conditions, to detect potential construction issues or to detect functionality issues in the premises."

Access to know in more detail how to make use of this equipment at a professional level!

Discover the measurements taken with a HTI HANDHELD 35200 thermographic camera.

This compact device offers much versatility for taking surface measurements and for instantly knowing the thermal conditions of a build element, a window, a device...

Observe through the proposed scenarios how the thermal behavior of a building is critical for drawing conclusions, and to propose improvement measures in the Energy Auditing area.

Summary

Perform an acid-base titration to determine the concentration of an unknown hydrochloric acid solution using a sodium hydroxide titrant. This laboratory emphasizes visual measurements dealing with the meniscus of the burette, and supports two different configurations. 

The first one is for a potentiometric approach: you will have access to a digital pH sensor and you can use it to determine when the unknown solution has been neutralized. 

The second one is for a colorimetric approach: you can rely on the color change due to the presence of a phenolphthalein indicator, without having a digital pH sensor available.

 

Acid-base Titration

Titrations are a volumetric method that is based on measuring the amount of a known-concentration reactive (known as a primary standard) that is consumed by an unknown-concentration sample known as analyte.

The titration is conducted by adding the titrant to the analyte using a burette, so as to obtain a chemically-equivalent substance between the titrant and the analyte. This is known as the "equivalence point" and it is a theoretical value that cannot be experimentally determined.

The experimental estimation of this point is obtained through an approximation known as "final point". This is determined through a physical change. In that case, the change in color of the solution is achieved after adding an indicator substance: a substance that changes color in certain ranges of pH.

For the acid-base titration we use a phenolphthalein indicator that becomes a light pink after a pH of around 8.4, which is a value that is very close to the equivalence point in the most common acid-base titrations.

Alternatively, in the potentiometric configuration, a digital pH sensor can be used to determine the “equivalence point”.

 

Colorimetric vs Potentiometric approach

The colorimetric approach relies on the color change provided by the phenolphthalein indicator. The potentiometric approach relies instead on the pH raise as measured by the digital sensor. In this version of the laboratory there are two different configurations available, one for each approach. In the colorimetric configuration students may not see the digital pH sensor.

 

Differences with the other titration laboratories

In this version of the laboratory (Acid-Base Titration II) you can perform the acid-base titration for an unknown hydrochloric acid solution. In other versions of the laboratory you can perform the acid-base titration for a citric acid solution instead (Acid-Base Titration I), and acetic acid (Acid-Base Titration II).

Both this version of the laboratory (Acid-Base Titration III) and Acid-Base Titration II emphasize visual burette measurements, including properly reading the meniscus in the burette. The other version of the laboratory (see Acid-Base Titration I) does not emphasize this, and focuses on the calculations instead.

Also, in these versions you can choose between two different configurations: one for the potentiometric approach and one for the colorimetric approach. The configuration for the colorimetric approach does not show the pH sensor. In other version of the laboratory (see Acid-Base Titration I) there is a single configuration and the sensor is always shown.

Centrifugal Pumps are used throughout many areas to transport fluids. Its rotational energy typically comes from an engine or an electric motor. 

In this laboratory you will be able to access and control such a pump, which is set up in a circuit that can be configured through several valves. The valves can configure it in a series or in a parallel configuration. It is also possible, under certain configurations, to observe the effects of cavitation.

Conservation of Momentum is a law of physics that describes how momentum, which characterizes motion, does not change in an isolated collection of objects, and its total remains constant.

In this remote laboratory you will be able to make two carts collide in an elastic or inelastic collision, and varying certain experimental variables such as the mass of the carts. You will thus be able to experimentally test whether the total momentum changes or not after the collision.

This device allows you to obtain real-time measurements of the lighting conditions of a built and operational space, and to propose different alternatives thanks to its results.

Access to know in more detail how to use this equipment at a professional level!

Experiment with it by varying basic parameters such as the opening and the RPM and observe the output, generating electricity and measuring it.

Summary

The Multi-Phase Flowloop laboratory lets you carry out experiments to visualize flow patterns of multi-phase systems that develop in production tubing in possible real-life scenarios. Through variation of the water flowrate and the angle of the tubing itself, you can appreciate the forming of different flow patterns or “cuttings” depending on the chosen values.

 

Further details

Multi-phase systems are found in various industrial scenarios, not being an exception the oil and gas industry. The prediction and determination of the flow pattern in the production tubing is of great importance since this is directly involved with the optimization of the production itself.

Mixtures of hydrocarbons, water, sediments and gases found in reservoirs manifest different behaviors during their transportation to the ground’s surface. Predicting such behaviors enable a better understanding for adequate choice of pumping machinery and pipeline setups for a successful transport to their final processing facility. The Multi-Phase Flowloop test unit helps achieving a better predictiveness of how multi-phase systems behave in real life for further investigation. This enables the user a better comprehension and visualization of how multi-phase transportations react under variable production rates and mixture proportions.

 

 

• The test section is a transparent 0.04m internal diameter straight Plexiglas pipeline (1) with a length of 6m.
• This pipe is supported by a hydraulic screw-jack (2) and a carbon steel beam, the system can be inclined up to an angle of 90 degrees from its horizontal ground level.
• A stainless-steel centrifugal pump (3) connected to the main tank (4) provides water to the system. Equipped with an electromagnetic induction flow meter and by the rotational speed of the pump, the rate of the water flow can be adjusted to the desired values.
• In order to develop various phase-flow patterns, air can be injected into the water stream via an air-water mixer (5).
• A hopper (6) fitted to the top of the water tank serves to feed another phase, representing the solid sediment
• A high-speed camera (7) mounted at the Plexiglas pipeline records the flow.

The Multi-Phase Flowloop laboratory lets you carry out experiments to visualize flow patterns of multi-phase systems that develop in production tubing in possible real-life scenarios. Through variation of the water flowrate and the angle of the tubing itself, you can appreciate the forming of different flow-patterns or “cuttings” depending on the chosen values.

The Materials remote laboratory offers students the opportunity to explore the behavior and properties of different materials under various treatments and testing conditions—all from anywhere in the world. This lab is designed to provide hands-on experience with real materials and advanced testing equipment, enabling deep learning of material science concepts.

 

Materials and Treatments

Students can select from a range of materials, including:

• Steel
• Aluminum
• Copper
• Titanium

Each material supports multiple treatments, allowing students to experiment with heat treatment, surface finishing, and other processes to study how treatments affect material properties.

 

Testing Capabilities

Once materials and treatments are selected, students can perform a variety of industry-standard tests:

• Tensile Test: Evaluate the material's strength and ductility under tension.
• Notched Bar Impact Test: Measure material toughness and resistance to impact.
• Hardness Measurement: Determine the material's resistance to deformation or scratching.
• Microstructure Analysis: Analyze the internal structure of the material to understand grain size, phase distribution, and more.

 

Educational Benefits

This lab provides an ultraconcurrent experience, enabling multiple students to perform experiments simultaneously without compromising access or results. It integrates seamlessly into material science and engineering courses, offering hands-on experimentation that enhances theoretical learning.

With its advanced features and broad material selection, the Materials remote laboratory equips students with the skills and knowledge needed for modern materials engineering.

In the Microscope Laboratory, you can explore a variety of samples using basic microscopy techniques. Learn how to operate the microscope, including adjusting focus, managing lighting, and changing lenses to control zoom levels. Observe different plant and animal tissue samples, gain hands-on experience with essential microscopy features, and deepen your understanding of how microscopes work. This version of the lab includes a preparation phase but it is optional and can be skipped.

In the Microscope Laboratory, you can explore a variety of samples using basic microscopy techniques. Learn how to operate the microscope, including adjusting focus, managing lighting, and changing lenses to control zoom levels. Observe different plant and animal tissue samples, gain hands-on experience with essential microscopy features, and deepen your understanding of how microscopes work. In this version of the Microscope lab, successfully preparing the sample is mandatory before controlling the microscope itself.

In this remote lab, students can select from three different materials—copper, brass, or aluminum. They can then apply heat to their chosen material and observe the resulting thermal expansion. This interactive lab allows students to explore the principles of thermal expansion in real-time, enhancing their understanding of how different materials react to heat. With precise control and detailed measurements, this lab provides a hands-on learning experience, accessible from anywhere, fostering deeper insights into material science and thermodynamics.

Start getting familiar with the concepts of buoyancy, volume and density. Experiment with various objects of different densities and intuitively understand why they float or not, without getting into complex numerical calculations yet.

Newton's cradle is a device that demonstrates conservation of momentum and energy using a series of swinging spheres.

The Water Heating and Cooling Curves of Water laboratory allows students to heat or cool a mass of water with different intensities, and measure the temperature continuously. It is thus possible to create a plot with the resulting temperature-time curves, and thus obtain conclusions regarding the transfer of energy and matter state changes.